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Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4, 2779 - 2788, 16.12.2023

Fatma İdil Baktemur

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1349469

Öz

Yenilenebilir enerji tipik olarak güneş, rüzgâr, jeotermal, gelgit ve dalga, odun, atık ve biyokütle kaynaklarından üretilen enerji olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Yenilenebilir enerji, çevreye etkisi daha az olan temiz bir enerji kaynağı olması nedeniyle hayati bir konudur. Bu çalışma, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, 1990-2019 yılları arası yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkiyi panel veri analiziyle araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Serinin durağanlığı için panel birim kök testi yapılmıştır. Bu aşamadan sonra panel eşbütünleşme testleri yapılmış ve Pedroni testine göre yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında uzun dönemli bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Nedenselliğin yönü için panel nedensellik testi yapılmış ve test sonuçları ekonomik büyümeden yenilenebilir enerji tüketimine doğru tek yönlü bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Büyüme yenilenebilir enerji tüketimini artırmakta ve karbon emisyonlarını azaltmaktadır. Nedenselliğin yönü, koruma hipotezinin gelişmekte olan ülkeler için geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yenilenebilir enerji ekonomik büyüme panel nedensellik panel eşbütünleşme

Kaynakça

  • Acaravci, A., & Ozturk, I. (2010). On the Relationship between Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in Europe. Energy, 35 (12), 5412–5420. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.009
  • Acevedo-Ramos, J. A., Valencia, C. F. & Valencia, C. D. (2023). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Colombia: Impact of Economic Development on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Ecological Footprint. Sustainability, 15, 3738. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su15043738
  • Alshehry, A. S. & Belloumi, M. (2015). Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: The case of Saudi Arabia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 41, 237–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.004.
  • Apergis, N. & Danuletiu, D. C. (2014). Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Sign of Panel Long-Run Causality. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4 (4), 578-587. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijeeep/issue/31911/350841
  • Azam, A., Rafiq, M., Shafique, M., Zhang, H., & Yuan, J. (2021). Analyzing the Effect of Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy and Renewable Energy on GDP and Carbon Emissions: A Multi-Variate Panel Data Analysis. Energy, 219, 119592. doi:10.1016/j. energy.2020.119592
  • Azomahou, T., Laisney, F. & Van, P. N. (2006). Economic development and CO2 emissions: a nonparametric panel approach. Journal of Public Economics, 90, 1347–1363.
  • Baz, K., Cheng, J., Xu, D., Abbas, K., Ali, I., Ali, H. & Fang, C. (2021). Asymmetric Impact of Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: A Nonlinear Technique. Energy, 226, 120357. doi:10.1016/j.energy. 2021.120357
  • Bengochea-Morancho, A., Higón-Tamarit, F., & Martínez-Zarzoso, I. (2001). Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in the European Union. Environ. Resour. Econ., 19 (2), 165–172. doi:10.1023/a:1011188401445
  • Bilan, Y., Streimikiene, D., Vasylieva, T., Lyulyov, O., Pimonenko, T., & Pavlyk, A. (2019). Linking between Renewable Energy, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: Challenges for Candidates and Potential Candidates for the EU Membership. Sustainability, 11 (6), 1528. doi:10.3390/su11061528
  • Breed, A. K., Speth, D. & Plötz, P. (2021). CO2 Fleet Regulation and the Future Market Diffusion of Zero-Emission Trucks in Europe. Energy Policy, 159, 112640. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112640
  • Canas, A., Ferrao, P. & Conceicao, P. (2003). A new environmental Kuznets curve? Relationship between direct material input and income per capita: evidence from industrialised countries. Ecological Economics, 46, 217–229.
  • Chakraborty, S. K. & Mazzanti, M. (2021). Renewable electricity and economic growth relationship in the long run: Panel data econometric evidence from the OECD. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 59, 330-341.
  • Cosmas, N. C., Chitedze, I., & Mourad, K. A. (2019). An Econometric Analysis of the Macroeconomic Determinants of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Nigeria. Sci. Total Environ., 675, 313–324. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.188
  • Destek, M. A. & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption andeconomic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111, 757–763.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.008
  • Dinda, S., Coondoo, D. & Pal, M. (2000). Air quality and economic growth: an empirical study. Ecological Economics, 34, 409–423.
  • Dogan, E. & Seker, F. (2016). Determinants of CO2 Emissions in the European Union: the Role of Renewable and Non-renewable Energy. Renew. Energy., 94, 429–439. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078
  • Fareed, Z. & Pata, U. K. (2022). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption and income in top ten renewable energy-consuming countries: Advanced Fourier based panel data approaches. Renew. Energy, 194, 805–821.
  • Farhani S. & Ben Rejeb J. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: evidence from panel data for MENA region. Int J Energy Econ Policy ((IJEEP)), 2(2):71–81.
  • Fávero, L. P., De Freitas Souza, R., Belfiore, P., Roberto Luppe, M. & Severo, M. (2022). Global Relationship between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions across Time: a Multilevel Approach. Int. J. Glob. Warming, 26 (1), 38. doi:10. 1504/IJGW.2022.120067
  • Fotourehchi, Z. (2017). Clean Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: A Case Study for Developing Countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7 (2) , 61-64. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijeeep/issue/31921/351179
  • Galeotti, M., Lanza, A. & Pauli, F. (2006). Reassessing the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a robustness exercise. Ecological Economics, 57, 152–163.
  • Gyimah, J., Yao, X., Tachega, M. A., Hayford, I. S. & Opoku-Mensah, E. (2022). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from Ghana. Energy, 248, 123559.
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37, 1156–1164. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012
  • Ito, K. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries. International Economics, 151, 1-6.
  • Jiang, X. & Guan, D. (2016). Determinants of Global CO2 Emissions Growth. Appl. Energy, 184, 1132–1141. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.142
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44.
  • Khan, M. B., Saleem, H., Shabbir, M. S., & Huobao, X. (2022). The Effects of Globalization, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in South Asian Countries. Energy. Environ., 33 (1), 107–134. doi:10. 1177/0958305x20986896
  • Lacheheb, M. S., Rahim, A. S. A. & Sirag, A. (2015). Economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions: investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Algeria. Int. J. Energy Econ. Policy, 5, 1125–1132.
  • Madaleno, M. & Nogueira, M. C. (2023). How Renewable Energy and CO2 Emissions Contribute to Economic Growth, and Sustainability—An Extensive Analysis. Sustainability, 15, 4089. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054089
  • Magazzino, C. (2015). Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Use in Israel. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol., 22 (1), 89–97. doi:10.5539/jsd.v8n9p89
  • Mitić, P., Fedajev, A., Radulescu, M. & Rehman, A. (2023). The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, available energy, and employment in SEE countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 30, 16140–16155 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23356-3
  • Mounir EL-Karimi & Hind El-houjjaji (2022). Economic growth and renewable energy consumption nexus in G7 countries: Symmetric and asymmetric causality analysis in frequency domain, J. Cleaner Prod., p. 342.
  • Namahoro, J. P., Wu, Q., Xiao, H. & Zhou, N. (2021). The Asymmetric Nexus of Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Rwanda. Renew. Energy, 174, 336–346.
  • Narayan, P. K. & Narayan, S. (2010). Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Developing Countries. Energy Policy, 38(1): 661 –666.
  • Ocal, O. & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Onofrei, M., Vatamanu, A. F & Cigu, E. (2022). The Relationship Between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis. Front. Environ. Sci., 10:934885. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.934885
  • Ozcan, B. & Ozturk, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in Emerging Countries: A Bootstrap Panel Causality Test. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 104, 30–37.
  • Ozcag, M. (2019). The Relationship Between co2 Emissions and gdp in Fragile Five Countries: Panel Bootstrap Causality Analysis. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 17(3), 374-388.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 653–670.
  • Perman, R. & Stern, D. I. (2003). Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47, 325–347.
  • Pesaran, M. H. A. (2003). Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Section Dependence. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0346, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No. 0435.
  • Saidi, K. & Mbarek, M. B. (2016). Nuclear energy, renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth for nine developed countries: Evidence from panel Granger causality tests. Prog. Nucl. Energy, 88, 364–374.
  • Salahuddin, M. & Khan, S. (2013). Empirical Link Between Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission in Australia. The Journal of Developing Areas, 47, 81-92. doi:10.1353/jda.2013.0038
  • Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K. & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 25, 109–121. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
  • Stjepanovi´c, S., Tomi´c, D., Škare, M. & Tvaronaviˇciene, M. (2017). A new approach to measuring green GDP: ˙ A cross-country analysis. Entrep. Sustain. Issues, 4, 574–590.
  • Tagwi, A. (2022). The Impacts of Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) and Renewable Energy Consumption on Agricultural Economic Growth in South Africa: ARDL Approach. Sustainability, 14, 16468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su142416468
  • Torun, E., Akdeniz, A. D. A., Demireli, E. & Grima, S. (2022). Long-Term US Economic Growth and the Carbon Dioxide Emissions Nexus: A Wavelet-Based Approach. Sustainability, 14, 10566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su141710566
  • Toumi, S. & Toumi, H. (2019). Asymmetric Causality Among Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth in KSA: Evidence from a Non-linear ARDL Model. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 26 (16), 16145–16156. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04955-z
  • Wang, J., Zhang, S. & Zhang, Q. (2021). The relationship of renewable energy consumption to financial development and economic growth in China. Renew. Energy , 170, 897–904.

Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship in Developing Countries

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4, 2779 - 2788, 16.12.2023

Fatma İdil Baktemur

https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1349469

Öz

Renewable energy is typically characterized as energy produced from solar, wind, geothermal, tide and wave, wood, waste, and biomass sources. Renewable energy is a crucial issue since it is a clean energy source with less environmental impact. This study aims to use panel methodologies to investigate the relationship between the use of renewable energy and economic growth in developing countries for the years 1990 to 2019. Panel unit root test was performed for the stationarity of the series. After this stage, panel cointegration tests were performed and a long run relationship for renewable energy consumption and economic growth was detected according to the Pedroni test. For the direction of causality, panel causality test was performed, and test results showed unidirectional relationship from economic growth to renewable energy consumption. Growth increases renewable energy consumption and reduces carbon emissions. The direction of causality suggests that conservation hypothesis is valid for developing countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

renewable energy economic growth panel causality panel cointegration

Kaynakça

  • Acaravci, A., & Ozturk, I. (2010). On the Relationship between Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in Europe. Energy, 35 (12), 5412–5420. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2010.07.009
  • Acevedo-Ramos, J. A., Valencia, C. F. & Valencia, C. D. (2023). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Colombia: Impact of Economic Development on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Ecological Footprint. Sustainability, 15, 3738. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su15043738
  • Alshehry, A. S. & Belloumi, M. (2015). Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: The case of Saudi Arabia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 41, 237–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.004.
  • Apergis, N. & Danuletiu, D. C. (2014). Renewable Energy and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Sign of Panel Long-Run Causality. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 4 (4), 578-587. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijeeep/issue/31911/350841
  • Azam, A., Rafiq, M., Shafique, M., Zhang, H., & Yuan, J. (2021). Analyzing the Effect of Natural Gas, Nuclear Energy and Renewable Energy on GDP and Carbon Emissions: A Multi-Variate Panel Data Analysis. Energy, 219, 119592. doi:10.1016/j. energy.2020.119592
  • Azomahou, T., Laisney, F. & Van, P. N. (2006). Economic development and CO2 emissions: a nonparametric panel approach. Journal of Public Economics, 90, 1347–1363.
  • Baz, K., Cheng, J., Xu, D., Abbas, K., Ali, I., Ali, H. & Fang, C. (2021). Asymmetric Impact of Fossil Fuel and Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth: A Nonlinear Technique. Energy, 226, 120357. doi:10.1016/j.energy. 2021.120357
  • Bengochea-Morancho, A., Higón-Tamarit, F., & Martínez-Zarzoso, I. (2001). Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in the European Union. Environ. Resour. Econ., 19 (2), 165–172. doi:10.1023/a:1011188401445
  • Bilan, Y., Streimikiene, D., Vasylieva, T., Lyulyov, O., Pimonenko, T., & Pavlyk, A. (2019). Linking between Renewable Energy, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth: Challenges for Candidates and Potential Candidates for the EU Membership. Sustainability, 11 (6), 1528. doi:10.3390/su11061528
  • Breed, A. K., Speth, D. & Plötz, P. (2021). CO2 Fleet Regulation and the Future Market Diffusion of Zero-Emission Trucks in Europe. Energy Policy, 159, 112640. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112640
  • Canas, A., Ferrao, P. & Conceicao, P. (2003). A new environmental Kuznets curve? Relationship between direct material input and income per capita: evidence from industrialised countries. Ecological Economics, 46, 217–229.
  • Chakraborty, S. K. & Mazzanti, M. (2021). Renewable electricity and economic growth relationship in the long run: Panel data econometric evidence from the OECD. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 59, 330-341.
  • Cosmas, N. C., Chitedze, I., & Mourad, K. A. (2019). An Econometric Analysis of the Macroeconomic Determinants of Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Nigeria. Sci. Total Environ., 675, 313–324. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.188
  • Destek, M. A. & Aslan, A. (2017). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption andeconomic growth in emerging economies: Evidence from bootstrap panel causality. Renewable Energy, 111, 757–763.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.05.008
  • Dinda, S., Coondoo, D. & Pal, M. (2000). Air quality and economic growth: an empirical study. Ecological Economics, 34, 409–423.
  • Dogan, E. & Seker, F. (2016). Determinants of CO2 Emissions in the European Union: the Role of Renewable and Non-renewable Energy. Renew. Energy., 94, 429–439. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.078
  • Fareed, Z. & Pata, U. K. (2022). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption and income in top ten renewable energy-consuming countries: Advanced Fourier based panel data approaches. Renew. Energy, 194, 805–821.
  • Farhani S. & Ben Rejeb J. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions: evidence from panel data for MENA region. Int J Energy Econ Policy ((IJEEP)), 2(2):71–81.
  • Fávero, L. P., De Freitas Souza, R., Belfiore, P., Roberto Luppe, M. & Severo, M. (2022). Global Relationship between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions across Time: a Multilevel Approach. Int. J. Glob. Warming, 26 (1), 38. doi:10. 1504/IJGW.2022.120067
  • Fotourehchi, Z. (2017). Clean Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: A Case Study for Developing Countries. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 7 (2) , 61-64. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijeeep/issue/31921/351179
  • Galeotti, M., Lanza, A. & Pauli, F. (2006). Reassessing the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: a robustness exercise. Ecological Economics, 57, 152–163.
  • Gyimah, J., Yao, X., Tachega, M. A., Hayford, I. S. & Opoku-Mensah, E. (2022). Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from Ghana. Energy, 248, 123559.
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37, 1156–1164. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012
  • Ito, K. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, and economic growth: Evidence from panel data for developing countries. International Economics, 151, 1-6.
  • Jiang, X. & Guan, D. (2016). Determinants of Global CO2 Emissions Growth. Appl. Energy, 184, 1132–1141. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.142
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44.
  • Khan, M. B., Saleem, H., Shabbir, M. S., & Huobao, X. (2022). The Effects of Globalization, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in South Asian Countries. Energy. Environ., 33 (1), 107–134. doi:10. 1177/0958305x20986896
  • Lacheheb, M. S., Rahim, A. S. A. & Sirag, A. (2015). Economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions: investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Algeria. Int. J. Energy Econ. Policy, 5, 1125–1132.
  • Madaleno, M. & Nogueira, M. C. (2023). How Renewable Energy and CO2 Emissions Contribute to Economic Growth, and Sustainability—An Extensive Analysis. Sustainability, 15, 4089. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054089
  • Magazzino, C. (2015). Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Use in Israel. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol., 22 (1), 89–97. doi:10.5539/jsd.v8n9p89
  • Mitić, P., Fedajev, A., Radulescu, M. & Rehman, A. (2023). The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, available energy, and employment in SEE countries. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 30, 16140–16155 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23356-3
  • Mounir EL-Karimi & Hind El-houjjaji (2022). Economic growth and renewable energy consumption nexus in G7 countries: Symmetric and asymmetric causality analysis in frequency domain, J. Cleaner Prod., p. 342.
  • Namahoro, J. P., Wu, Q., Xiao, H. & Zhou, N. (2021). The Asymmetric Nexus of Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: New Evidence from Rwanda. Renew. Energy, 174, 336–346.
  • Narayan, P. K. & Narayan, S. (2010). Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth: Panel Data Evidence from Developing Countries. Energy Policy, 38(1): 661 –666.
  • Ocal, O. & Aslan, A. (2013). Renewable energy consumption-economic growth nexus in Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 28, 494-499.
  • Onofrei, M., Vatamanu, A. F & Cigu, E. (2022). The Relationship Between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis. Front. Environ. Sci., 10:934885. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.934885
  • Ozcan, B. & Ozturk, I. (2019). Renewable Energy Consumption-Economic Growth Nexus in Emerging Countries: A Bootstrap Panel Causality Test. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 104, 30–37.
  • Ozcag, M. (2019). The Relationship Between co2 Emissions and gdp in Fragile Five Countries: Panel Bootstrap Causality Analysis. Journal of Management and Economics Research, 17(3), 374-388.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 653–670.
  • Perman, R. & Stern, D. I. (2003). Evidence from panel unit root and cointegration tests that the environmental Kuznets curve does not exist. The Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47, 325–347.
  • Pesaran, M. H. A. (2003). Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Section Dependence. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0346, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels, University of Cambridge, Faculty of Economics, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No. 0435.
  • Saidi, K. & Mbarek, M. B. (2016). Nuclear energy, renewable energy, CO2 emissions, and economic growth for nine developed countries: Evidence from panel Granger causality tests. Prog. Nucl. Energy, 88, 364–374.
  • Salahuddin, M. & Khan, S. (2013). Empirical Link Between Economic Growth, Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission in Australia. The Journal of Developing Areas, 47, 81-92. doi:10.1353/jda.2013.0038
  • Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K. & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Financial Development, International Trade and CO2 Emissions in Indonesia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 25, 109–121. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
  • Stjepanovi´c, S., Tomi´c, D., Škare, M. & Tvaronaviˇciene, M. (2017). A new approach to measuring green GDP: ˙ A cross-country analysis. Entrep. Sustain. Issues, 4, 574–590.
  • Tagwi, A. (2022). The Impacts of Climate Change, Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2) and Renewable Energy Consumption on Agricultural Economic Growth in South Africa: ARDL Approach. Sustainability, 14, 16468. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su142416468
  • Torun, E., Akdeniz, A. D. A., Demireli, E. & Grima, S. (2022). Long-Term US Economic Growth and the Carbon Dioxide Emissions Nexus: A Wavelet-Based Approach. Sustainability, 14, 10566. https://doi.org/10.3390/ su141710566
  • Toumi, S. & Toumi, H. (2019). Asymmetric Causality Among Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions, and Economic Growth in KSA: Evidence from a Non-linear ARDL Model. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 26 (16), 16145–16156. doi:10.1007/s11356-019-04955-z
  • Wang, J., Zhang, S. & Zhang, Q. (2021). The relationship of renewable energy consumption to financial development and economic growth in China. Renew. Energy , 170, 897–904.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekoloji, Sürdürülebilirlik ve Enerji
Bölüm Tüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Fatma İdil Baktemur 0000-0003-2455-5898

Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Baktemur, F. İ. (2023). Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship in Developing Countries. Kent Akademisi, 16(4), 2779-2788. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1349469
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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