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Central Asian Regional Security After the Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan

Yıl 2022, Türk Dünyası’nda Yeni Dönem: Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı, 147 - 180, 31.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1112793

Öz

This study seeks to answer the puzzle of how the US withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Taliban takeover will affect Central Asian regional security relations in the forthcoming period. Security threats originating from Afghanistan were among the most important security problems of the newly independent Central Asian states during the 1990s. After the end of the twenty-year military presence of the US in Afghanistan as of September 2021, the Taliban’s takeover of power brought forth the potential of Afghanistan-based instability in Central Asia again. In this article, the first Taliban rule during the 1990s and the second one that has begun since the Taliban takeover as of August 2021 are examined in terms of their impacts on Central Asian security relations through the comparative method. It is discussed within the framework of the securitization approach whether the security problems arising from Afghanistan are real security threats for the Central Asian states and the potential of these problems to be instrumentalized by both regional states and actors such as Russia and China. Through the comparative case analysis method and based on the analysis of primary and secondary sources, the article comes up with the following three main findings: Compared to the 1990s, Central Asian states, except Tajikistan, have less securitized the second Taliban rule in Afghanistan and they reacted to the Taliban takeover more confidently. Although not coming directly from the Taliban, threats originating from other radical religious organizations in Afghanistan such as the Islamic State-Khorasan pose to a certain degree real security risks for the regional states, especially for those bordering Afghanistan. The threat perception originating from Afghanistan has the potential to be securitized and instrumentalized in such a way as to help the governments in the countries of the region maintain their own power and states such as Russia and China increase their influence on the regional countries, especially in regional security relations.

Kaynakça

  • BUZAN Barry, WAEVER Ole vd., Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, 1998.
  • BUZAN Barry, WAEVER Ole, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003.
  • GIUSTOZZI Antonio, The Islamic State in Khorasan: Afghanistan, Pakistan and the New Central Asian Jihad, Hurst&Company, London, 2018.
  • LEE Jonathan L., Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present, Reaktion Books, London, 2018.
  • OMELICHEVA Mariya Y., Counterterrorism in Central Asia, Routledge, New York, 2011.
  • RASHID Ahmed, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2002.
  • RASHID Ahmed, Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia, I.B. Tauris, London, 2002.
  • SAIKAL Amin, Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival, I.B. Tauris, London, 2004.
  • GUNN T. Jeremy, “Shaping an Islamic Identity: Religion, Islamism, and the State in Central Asia”, Sociology of Religion, Vol. 64, No.3, Special Issue (Autumn, 2003), ss.389-410.
  • CORNELL Svante E., “Narcotics, Radicalism, and Armed Conflict in Central Asia: The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 17:4, ss.619-639.
  • JING-DONG Yuan, “China’s Role in Establishing and Building the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)”, Journal of Contemporary China, 2010, Vol. 19, No. 67, 855-869.
  • RASHID Ahmed, The Taliban: Exporting Extremism, Foreign Affairs, November-December 1999, Vol. 78, No. 6, ss.22-35.
  • SINNO Abdulkader, “Explain the Taliban’s Ability to Mobilize the Pashtuns”, (Ed.) Robert D. Crews, Amin Tarzi, The Taliban and The Crisis of Afghanistan, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts, 2009.
  • WAEVER Ole, “Securitization and Desecuritization”, Ronnie D. Lipschutz (ed.), On Security, Columbia University Press, New York, 1995, ss.46-86.
  • ABDULLAEV Kamoludin, BARNES Catherina (ed.), Politics of Compromise: The Tajikistan Peace Process, ACCORD, Issue 10, Conciliation Resources, London, 2001, p. 92.
  • NAUMKIN, Vitaly V., “Militant İslam in Central Asia: The Case of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan”, Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, Working Paper Series, Spring 2003.
  • OLIMOVA Saodat, OLIMOV Muzaffar, “The Islamic Renaissance Party”, Kamoludin Abdullaev, Catherina Barnes (ed.), Politics of Compromise: The Tajikistan Peace Processes, ACCORD, Issue 10, Conciliation Resources, London, 2001, ss.26-27.
  • SANDERSON Thomas M., KIMMAGE Daniel, GORDON David A., “From the Fergana Valley to South Waziristan: The Evolving Threat of Central Asian Jihadists”, CSIS Report, March 2010.
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  • AHMADI Mumin, “Istochniki: "Ansorullakh' gotovit napadenie na Tadzhikistan. Tadzhikskie siloviki perevedeny v rezhim povyshennoi gotovnosti”, Radio Ozodi, 24 Eylül 2021, https://rus.ozodi.org/a/31476419.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
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  • “CSTO Rapid Deployment Force begins exercise in Kyrgyzstan”, TASS, 7 Eylül 2021, https://tass.com/defense/1334701 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “CSTO, SCO summits presage policy of wary tolerance of Taliban regime in Afghanistan”, Eurasianet, 17 Eylül 2021, https://eurasianet.org/csto-sco-summits-presage-policy-of-wary-tolerance-of-taliban-regime-in-afghanistan (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • GLOBALSECURITY.ORG, Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami (Islamic Party of Liberation), https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hizb-ut-tahrir.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2022).
  • GORDON Michael R., LUBOLD Gordon, “U.S. Asked Russia About Offer of Bases to Monitor Afghan Terror Threat”, The Wall Street Journal, 27 Eylül 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-asked-russia-about-offer-of-bases-to-monitor-afghan-terror-threat-11632767164 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • HAMSİCİ Mahmut, “Hizb-ut-Tahrir: Bazı Ülkelerde Yasaklanan Örgütün Türkiye’deki Konumu Ne?”, BBC Türkçe, 22 Ocak 2021, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-55752612, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2022).
  • IMAMOVA Navbahor, “Central Asia Wrestles With New Reality in Afghanistan”, VOA, 25 Ağustos 2021, https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_central-asia-wrestles-new-reality-afghanistan/6209983.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • IMAMOVA Navbahor, “Taliban Takeover Spurs Central Asian Diplomatic Activity”, VOA, 29 Ekim 2021, https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-takeover-spurs-central-asian-diplomatic-activity/6290950.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • IMANLIYEVA Ayzirek, IBRAGIMOVA Kamila, “Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan diverge on approaches to Afghanistan” Eurasianet, https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-diverge-on-approaches-to-afghanistan (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
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  • KAZANTSEV Andrey, “Afghanistan Crisis: Security Problems for Russia and Central Asian States”, Russian International Affairs Council – RIAC, 16 Ağustos 2021, https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/afghanistan-crisis-security-problems-for-russia-and-central-asian-states/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Kosachev zaiavil, chto v chisle protestuiushchikh v Kazakhstane est' boeviki iz band Afganistana”, Interfax, 6 Ocak 2022, https://www.interfax.ru/world/814085 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • KUMENOV Almaz, “Kazakhstan wheat redirected away from Afghanistan”, Eurasianet, 26 Ağustos 2021, https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-wheat-redirected-away-from-afghanistan (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
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  • “Prezident Kazakhstana obratilsia k glavam gosudarstv ODKB za pomoshch'iu”, Interfax, 5 Ocak 2022, https://www.interfax.ru/world/814011 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Prezident Sadyr Zhaparov na sammite ODKB ozvuchil pozitsiiu Kyrgyzstana po situatsii v Afganistane”, 16 Eylül 2021, Prezıdent Kyrgyzskoı Respublıkı, http://www.president.kg/ru/sobytiya/20675_prezident_sadir_ghaparov_na_sammite_odkb_ozvuchil_poziciyu_kirgizstana_po_situacii_v_afganistane (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
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Afganistan'da Taliban İktidarı Sonrası Orta Asya Bölgesel Güvenliği

Yıl 2022, Türk Dünyası’nda Yeni Dönem: Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı, 147 - 180, 31.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1112793

Öz

Bu çalışma ABD’nin Afganistan’dan çekilmesi ve Taliban’ın iktidarı ele geçirmesinin önümüzdeki süreçte Orta Asya bölgesel güvenlik ilişkilerini nasıl etkileyeceği sorusuna cevap aramaktadır. Afganistan kaynaklı güvenlik tehditleri doksanlı yıllar boyunca yeni bağımsız Orta Asya devletlerinin en önemli güvenlik sorunları arasında yer almıştır. 2021 Ağustos ayı itibariyle ABD’nin Afganistan’daki yirmi yıllık askerî varlığını sona erdirmesinin ardından Taliban’ın tekrar yönetime hâkim olması Orta Asya’da Afganistan kaynaklı istikrarsızlık potansiyelini yeniden gündeme getirmiştir. Bu makalede Orta Asya bölgesel güvenlik ilişkilerine etkisi bakımından doksanlı yıllardaki birinci Taliban iktidarı dönemi ile 2021 yılı Ağustos ayı sonrası Taliban’ın yönetime tekrar hâkim olması ile birlikte başlayan ikinci Taliban dönemi karşılaştırmalı yöntemle incelenmektedir. Afganistan’dan kaynaklanan güvenlik sorunlarının Orta Asya devletleri için gerçek bir güvenlik tehdidi olup olmadığı ve gerek bölge devletleri gerek de Rusya ve Çin gibi aktörler tarafından bu sorunların araçsallaştırılma potansiyeli güvenlikleştirme yaklaşımı çerçevesinde tartışılmaktadır. Karşılaştırmalı vaka analizi yöntemiyle, birincil ve ikincil kaynakların betimsel analizine dayanarak makalede şu üç temel bulguya ulaşılmıştır: Doksanlı yıllara kıyasla, Tacikistan dışındaki Orta Asya devletlerinin Afganistan’daki ikinci Taliban iktidarını daha az güvenlikleştirdikleri ve Taliban’ın iktidarı ele geçirmesini daha özgüvenli bir şekilde karşıladıkları görülmektedir. Doğrudan Taliban’dan olmasa da, Horasan İslam Devleti gibi Afganistan’daki diğer radikal dini örgütlerden kaynaklanabilecek tehditler özellikle de Afganistan’a sınırı olan bölge ülkeleri için belli ölçüde somut güvenlik riskleri oluşturmaktadır. Afganistan kaynaklı tehdit algısının hem bölge ülkelerindeki yönetimlerin kendi iktidarlarını korumasına, hem de Rusya ve Çin gibi devletlerin başta bölgesel güvenlik ilişkilerinde olmak üzere bölge ülkeleri üzerindeki etkisinin artmasına yardım edecek şekilde güvenlikleştirilerek araçsallaştırılma potansiyeli bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • BUZAN Barry, WAEVER Ole vd., Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, 1998.
  • BUZAN Barry, WAEVER Ole, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003.
  • GIUSTOZZI Antonio, The Islamic State in Khorasan: Afghanistan, Pakistan and the New Central Asian Jihad, Hurst&Company, London, 2018.
  • LEE Jonathan L., Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present, Reaktion Books, London, 2018.
  • OMELICHEVA Mariya Y., Counterterrorism in Central Asia, Routledge, New York, 2011.
  • RASHID Ahmed, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2002.
  • RASHID Ahmed, Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia, I.B. Tauris, London, 2002.
  • SAIKAL Amin, Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival, I.B. Tauris, London, 2004.
  • GUNN T. Jeremy, “Shaping an Islamic Identity: Religion, Islamism, and the State in Central Asia”, Sociology of Religion, Vol. 64, No.3, Special Issue (Autumn, 2003), ss.389-410.
  • CORNELL Svante E., “Narcotics, Radicalism, and Armed Conflict in Central Asia: The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan”, Terrorism and Political Violence, 17:4, ss.619-639.
  • JING-DONG Yuan, “China’s Role in Establishing and Building the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)”, Journal of Contemporary China, 2010, Vol. 19, No. 67, 855-869.
  • RASHID Ahmed, The Taliban: Exporting Extremism, Foreign Affairs, November-December 1999, Vol. 78, No. 6, ss.22-35.
  • SINNO Abdulkader, “Explain the Taliban’s Ability to Mobilize the Pashtuns”, (Ed.) Robert D. Crews, Amin Tarzi, The Taliban and The Crisis of Afghanistan, Harvard University Press, Massachusetts, 2009.
  • WAEVER Ole, “Securitization and Desecuritization”, Ronnie D. Lipschutz (ed.), On Security, Columbia University Press, New York, 1995, ss.46-86.
  • ABDULLAEV Kamoludin, BARNES Catherina (ed.), Politics of Compromise: The Tajikistan Peace Process, ACCORD, Issue 10, Conciliation Resources, London, 2001, p. 92.
  • NAUMKIN, Vitaly V., “Militant İslam in Central Asia: The Case of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan”, Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, Working Paper Series, Spring 2003.
  • OLIMOVA Saodat, OLIMOV Muzaffar, “The Islamic Renaissance Party”, Kamoludin Abdullaev, Catherina Barnes (ed.), Politics of Compromise: The Tajikistan Peace Processes, ACCORD, Issue 10, Conciliation Resources, London, 2001, ss.26-27.
  • SANDERSON Thomas M., KIMMAGE Daniel, GORDON David A., “From the Fergana Valley to South Waziristan: The Evolving Threat of Central Asian Jihadists”, CSIS Report, March 2010.
  • YEGİN Abdullah, “Afganistan Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu”, Rapor, SETA, Yayın no: 53, İstanbul, 2015.
  • AHMADI Mumin, “Istochniki: "Ansorullakh' gotovit napadenie na Tadzhikistan. Tadzhikskie siloviki perevedeny v rezhim povyshennoi gotovnosti”, Radio Ozodi, 24 Eylül 2021, https://rus.ozodi.org/a/31476419.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • COUNTER EXTREMISM PROJECT, “Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan”, https://www.counterextremism.com/threat/islamic-movement-uzbekistan, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2022).
  • “CSTO Rapid Deployment Force begins exercise in Kyrgyzstan”, TASS, 7 Eylül 2021, https://tass.com/defense/1334701 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “CSTO, SCO summits presage policy of wary tolerance of Taliban regime in Afghanistan”, Eurasianet, 17 Eylül 2021, https://eurasianet.org/csto-sco-summits-presage-policy-of-wary-tolerance-of-taliban-regime-in-afghanistan (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • GLOBALSECURITY.ORG, Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami (Islamic Party of Liberation), https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/hizb-ut-tahrir.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2022).
  • GORDON Michael R., LUBOLD Gordon, “U.S. Asked Russia About Offer of Bases to Monitor Afghan Terror Threat”, The Wall Street Journal, 27 Eylül 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-asked-russia-about-offer-of-bases-to-monitor-afghan-terror-threat-11632767164 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • HAMSİCİ Mahmut, “Hizb-ut-Tahrir: Bazı Ülkelerde Yasaklanan Örgütün Türkiye’deki Konumu Ne?”, BBC Türkçe, 22 Ocak 2021, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-55752612, (Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2022).
  • IMAMOVA Navbahor, “Central Asia Wrestles With New Reality in Afghanistan”, VOA, 25 Ağustos 2021, https://www.voanews.com/a/south-central-asia_central-asia-wrestles-new-reality-afghanistan/6209983.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • IMAMOVA Navbahor, “Taliban Takeover Spurs Central Asian Diplomatic Activity”, VOA, 29 Ekim 2021, https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-takeover-spurs-central-asian-diplomatic-activity/6290950.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • IMANLIYEVA Ayzirek, IBRAGIMOVA Kamila, “Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan diverge on approaches to Afghanistan” Eurasianet, https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-tajikistan-diverge-on-approaches-to-afghanistan (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • KARABEYESER Ayetullah, “Tacikistan İslami Uyanış Partisi Kapatıldı”, Anadolu Ajansı, 30.09.2015, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/tacikistan-islami-uyanis-partisi-kapatildi/389851, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2022).
  • “Kasym-Zhomart Tokaev provel peregovory s Prezidentom Evropeiskogo Soveta Sharlem Mishelem”, Akorda, 10 Ocak 2022, https://www.akorda.kz/ru/kasym-zhomart-tokaev-provel-peregovory-s-prezidentom-evropeyskogo-soveta-sharlem-mishelem-1002514 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • KAZANTSEV Andrey, “Afghanistan Crisis: Security Problems for Russia and Central Asian States”, Russian International Affairs Council – RIAC, 16 Ağustos 2021, https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/afghanistan-crisis-security-problems-for-russia-and-central-asian-states/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Kosachev zaiavil, chto v chisle protestuiushchikh v Kazakhstane est' boeviki iz band Afganistana”, Interfax, 6 Ocak 2022, https://www.interfax.ru/world/814085 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • KUMENOV Almaz, “Kazakhstan wheat redirected away from Afghanistan”, Eurasianet, 26 Ağustos 2021, https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-wheat-redirected-away-from-afghanistan (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • MANKOFF Jeffrey, “Afghanistan Will Put Russia’s Regional Ambitions to the Test”, World Politics Review, 7 Eylül 2021, https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/29937/for-russia-afghanistan-is-an-opportunity-and-a-test (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • MARAT Erica, “All eyes on Central Asia”, IPS Journal, 16 Ağustos 2021, https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy-and-society/all-eyes-on-central-asia-5367/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • NAJIBULLAH Farangis, AHMADI Mumin, “Resistance Leader Masud 'Visited Dushanbe' For Afghan Peace Talks, But Taliban Didn't Show Up”, RFE/RL, 13 Ekim 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-masud-talks-taliban/31507572.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • NAJIBULLAH Farangis, SARWAR Mustafa, "Taliban Says New Troops Near Central Asian Borders Will Bring Stability. The Neighbors Are Not So Sure", Gandahara, 16 Şubat 2022, https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/taliban-troops-central-asia-borders-stability/31706961.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • PANNIER Bruce, “How Much Will Afghanistan Change Central Asia's Relations With Russia, China, And The United States?”, RFE/RL, 24 Ağustos 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/central-asia-afghanistan-neighbors/31426320.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • PANNIER Bruce, “Uzbekistan Has Good Reasons To Be On Good Terms With The Taliban”, RFE/RL, 23 Eylül 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-taliban-business-relations/31474600.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • PANNIER Bruce, ”Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan Open Channels With The Taliban”, RFE/RL, 1 Ekim 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-kyrgyzstan-taliban/31487684.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • PANNIER Bruce, “First Firefight: Turkmen, Taliban Engage In Border Shoot-Out”, RFE/RL, 5 Ocak 2022, https://www.rferl.org/a/turkmen-taliban-border-shoot-out/31640971.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Prezident Kazakhstana obratilsia k glavam gosudarstv ODKB za pomoshch'iu”, Interfax, 5 Ocak 2022, https://www.interfax.ru/world/814011 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Prezident Sadyr Zhaparov na sammite ODKB ozvuchil pozitsiiu Kyrgyzstana po situatsii v Afganistane”, 16 Eylül 2021, Prezıdent Kyrgyzskoı Respublıkı, http://www.president.kg/ru/sobytiya/20675_prezident_sadir_ghaparov_na_sammite_odkb_ozvuchil_poziciyu_kirgizstana_po_situacii_v_afganistane (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Raketi IGIL ne doleteli do Uzbekistana - 'Taliban'”, Gazeta.uz, 20 Nisan 2022, https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2022/04/20/afghanistan-border/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Russian and Uzbek militaries begin joint Afghan border drills”, Reuters, 2 Ağustos 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-scale-up-military-drills-near-afghan-border-ifax-2021-08-02/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Russia-led bloc concludes drills near Afghan border to boost Tajik security”, Reuters, 24 Ekim 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/russia-led-bloc-concludes-drills-near-afghan-border-boost-tajik-security-2021-10-23/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Slutskii uvidel v situatsii v Kazakhstane pocherk terroristicheskoi interventsii”, Interfax, 6 Ocak 2022, https://www.interfax.ru/world/814121 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • STANDISH Reid, “Taliban 'Removing' Uyghur Militants From Afghanistan's Border With China”, RFE/RL, 5 Ekim 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-uyghurs-china/31494226.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • STANDISH Reid, “Tajikistan Approves Construction Of New Chinese-Funded Base As Beijing's Security Presence In Central Asia Grows”, RFE/RL, 27 Ekim 2021, https://www.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-approves-chinese-base/31532078.html (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Talibi oprovergli svoiu prichastnost' k besporiadkam v Kazakhstane”, Interfax, 2 Şubat 2022, https://www.interfax.ru/world/819823 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “TM Interview with Chairman of the Kazakhstan Council on International Relations’ Erlan Karin”, The Jamestown Foundation, Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 19, Issue 19, 2021, https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/TM_October-7-2021_2.pdf?x91599 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • TRENIN Dimitri, “Afghanistan After the U.S. Pullout: Challenges to Russia and Central Asia”, Carnegie Moscow Center, 13 Temmuz 2021, https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/84951 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Turkmenistan: TAPI talk turn to pragmatic matters”, Eurasianet, 18 Ocak, 2022, https://eurasianet.org/turkmenistan-tapi-talk-turns-to-pragmatic-matters (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • UMAROV Temur, “Do the Taliban Pose a Threat to Stability in Central Asia?”, Carnegie Moscow Center, 3 Eylül 2021, https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/85271 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL, Resolutıon 1214 (1998), http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/doc/1214, (Erişim Tarihi: 18 Nisan 2022).
  • “Uzbekistan predlozhil razmorozit' aktivy Afganistana v zarubezhnykh bankakh. Chto o nikh izvestno?”, Gazeta.uz, 17 Eylül 2021, https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/09/17/frozen-assets/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “Uzbekistan Rejects Claim By Islamic State Affiliate In Afghanistan Over Rocket Assault”, RFE/RL's Uzbek Service, 19 Nisan 2022, https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-islamic-state-afghanistan--rocket-assault/31810956.htmll (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
  • “V Kazakhstane osvobodili kyrgyzskogo muzykanta Ruzakhunova, zaderzhannogo za ‘uchastie v protestakh'”, Fergana, 10 Ocak 2022, https://fergana.news/news/124591/ (Erişim Tarihi: 29.04.2022)
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Rüştü Kaya 0000-0001-9247-9300

Erdal Bayar 0000-0002-1726-7989

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Türk Dünyası’nda Yeni Dönem: Türk Devletleri Teşkilatı

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kaya, Rüştü, ve Erdal Bayar. “Afganistan’da Taliban İktidarı Sonrası Orta Asya Bölgesel Güvenliği”. Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Ağustos (Ağustos 2022), 147-80. https://doi.org/10.17752/guvenlikstrtj.1112793.