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The Effect of National Entrepreneurship on National Competitiveness: Linear and Non-linear Regression Analysis

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 46, 972 - 996, 11.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.1075596

Öz

National entrepreneurship and national competitiveness are two basic factors that affect the economic development of countries. In this study, the effect of national entrepreneurship on national competitiveness is examined. Linear and non-linear regression analyzes were applied as research method. Non-linear regression model estimates were obtained with the curve estimation model application. Obtained models are presented comparatively. The sample consists of 52 countries. The national entrepreneurship scores of the countries were obtained from the “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)” reports. National competitiveness scores are derived from “Global Competitiveness Index (GCI)” reports. The research period is 2019 before the pandemic. According to the research findings, the model with the highest percentage of explanation among the non-linear models is determined as the "Qubic" estimation model. When the Qubic non-linear model and linear model are compared, both models are found to be significant. In addition, it is concluded that the percentage of explanation of the non-linear model is higher than the linear model. Based on the findings, it has been suggested to develop country-specific entrepreneurship strategies as well as general entrepreneurship strategies in determining national entrepreneurship strategies.

Kaynakça

  • Acs, Z. & Amoros, J. E. (2008). Entrepreneurship and competitiveness dynamics in Latin America. Small Business Economics, 31 (3), 305-322.
  • Acs, Z. & Armington, C. (2004). Employment growth and entrepreneurial activity in cities. Regional studies, 38 (8), 911-927.
  • Acs, Z. (2006). How is entrepreneurship good for economic growth. Innovations, 1 (1), 97-107.
  • Acs, Z. J., Autio, E. & Szerb, L. (2015). National systems of Entrepreneurship. In Z. J. Acs, E. Autio, & L. Szerb (Eds.), Global entrepreneurship and development index 2014. Springer briefs in economics, chapter 2 (pp. 13–26). Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14932-5_2
  • Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., Song, A., Komlosi, E. & Lafuente, E. (2020). The Digital Platform Economy Index 2020. Barcelona: The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute.
  • Acs, Z. J; Audretsch, D. B.; Lehmann, E. E. & Licht, G. (2016). National systems of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 46(4), 527–535. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9705-1
  • Acs, Z., Stam, E., Audretsch, D. B. & O’Connor, A. (2017). The lineages of the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach. Small Business Economics, 49 (1), 1-10.
  • Aiginger, K., Bärenthaler-Sieber, S. & Voge, J. (2013). Competitiveness under New Perspectives. WWWforEurope Welfare WealthWork, Working Paper: 44. Available from https://www.oecd.org/economy/Competitiveness-under-New-Perspectives.pdf
  • Ali, M. A., Kabil, M., Alayan, R., Magda, R. & Dávid, L. D. (2021). Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Performance in Egypt: An Empirical Study Based on the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI). Sustainability, 13 (13), 7171.
  • Amaral, G. & Salerno, M.S. (2019). The national competitiveness indexes: What are they measuring, what should they do?., Int. J. Competitiveness, 1 (4) ,331–361.
  • Amoros, J. E., Fernández, C. & Tapia, J. (2012). Quantifying the relationship between entrepreneurship and competitiveness development stages in Latin America. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8 (3), 249-270.
  • Angulo-Guerrero, M. J., Pérez-Moreno, S. & Abad-Guerrero, I. M. (2017). How economic freedom affects opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship in the OECD countries. Journal of Business Research, 73, 30-37.
  • Babalola, J. B. (2021). Upgrading Skills, Technology Adoption and Innovation Capacity as Part of Nigerian Recovery Trajectories from COVID-19 Shocks. Kester O. Ojokheta & Kehinde O. Kester (Ed.), In Education Re-engineering in the New Normal World., (pp. 385-400).
  • Bardasi, E., Blackden, C. M. & Guzman, J. C. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurship, and competitiveness in Africa. Africa Competitiveness Report, 1, 69-85.
  • Blanco-González, A., Díez-Martín, F. & Prado-Román, A. (2015). Entrepreneurship, global competitiveness and legitimacy. In New challenges in entrepreneurship and finance (pp. 57-69). Springer, Cham.
  • Carree, M., Van Stel, A., Thurik, R. & Wennekers, S. (2002). Economic development and business ownership: an analysis using data of 23 OECD countries in the period 1976–1996. Small business economics, 19 (3), 271-290.
  • Chikán, A. (2008). National and firm competitiveness: a general research model. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal. 18 (1/2), 20-28
  • Cho, D. & Moon, H. (2005). National Competitiveness: Implications for Different Groups and Strategies. International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness, 1 (1), 1-11.
  • Crecente-Romero, F., Giménez-Baldazo, M. & del Val-Núñez, M. T. (2019). Competitiveness and entrepreneurship rate in Europe during the economic recovery phase, 2012–2016. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15 (2), 455-470.
  • Coduras, A. & Autio, E. (2013). Comparing subjective and objective indicators to describe the national entrepreneurial context: the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the Global Competitiveness Index contributions. Investigaciones Regionales, 26, 47-74.
  • Cunningham, J. B. & Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 29 (1), 45-61.
  • Delgado, M., Ketels, C., Porter, M.E. & Stern, S. (2012). The Determinants of National Competitiveness. NBER Working Paper Series No. 18249, July. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236903847_The_Determinants_of_National_Competitiveness
  • Efromovich, S. (2008). Nonparametric curve estimation: methods, theory, and applications. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Ferreira, J. J., Fernandes, C. I. & Ratten, V. (2017). Entrepreneurship, innovation and competitiveness: what is the connection?. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 18 (1), 73-95.
  • Fyliuk, H., Honchar, I. & Kolosha, V. (2019). The interrelation between economic growth and national economic competitiveness: The case of Ukraine. Journal of Competitiveness, 11 (3), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2019.03.04
  • Gautam, S. & Madan, (2021). Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Evidence from G-20 economies. Journal of East-West Business, 27 (2), 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2020.1859427
  • GEM (2019). The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Available from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2019-2020-global-report, Access date: 01.02.2022. González-Pernía, J. L., Peña-Legazkue, I. & Vendrell-Herrero, F. (2012). Innovation, entrepreneurial activity and competitiveness at a sub-national level. Small Business Economics, 39 (3), 561-574.
  • Herman, E. (2018). Innovation and entrepreneurship for competitiveness in the EU: an empirical analysis, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence (pp. 435-435), Sciendo.
  • Herrington, M. & Coduras, A. (2022). A New and Innovative GEM Composite Index Based upon the National Expert Survey: A Survey of Selected African Countries. In Contextual Strategic Entrepreneurship (pp. 57-70). Springer, Cham.
  • Hull, D. L., Bosley, J. J. & Udell, G. G. (1980). Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: Identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics. Journal of Small Business Management, 18, 11-18.
  • Idris, Z. Z., Ismail, N. W., Ibrahim, S. & Hamzah, H. Z. (2021). High-Technology trade: Does it enhance national competitiveness? Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 55 (3) 2021 35 - 48 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2021-5503-03
  • IMD. (2019). World Competitiveness Rankings. International Institute of Management Development. Available from https://www.weforum.org/reports/how-to-end-a-decade-of-lost-productivity-growth, Access date: 14.03.2022.
  • Isenberg, D. (2011). The entrepreneurship ecosystem strategy as a new paradigm for economic policy: Principles for cultivating entrepreneurship. Presentation at the Institute of International and European Affairs, 1 (781), 1-13.
  • Jomnonkwao, S., Uttra, S. & Ratanavaraha, V. (2020). Forecasting road traffic deaths in Thailand: Applications of time-series, curve estimation, multiple linear regression, and path analysis models. Sustainability, 12 (1), 395.
  • Karadeniz, E. & Ozdemir, O. (2009). Entrepreneurship in Turkey and developing countries: A comparison of activities, characteristics, motivation, and environment for entrepreneurship. Mibes Transactions, 3 (1), 30-45.
  • Kharlamova, G. & Vertelieva, O. (2013). The International Competitiveness of Countries: Economic-Mathematical Approach. Economics & Sociology, 6 (2), 39-52. DOI: 10.14254/2071-789X.2013/6-2/4
  • Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: A dangerous obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73 (2), 28–44. doi:10.2307/20045917 Lodge, G.C. (2009). Ideology and national competitiveness. Journal of Managerial Issues Vol. XXI Number 4, Winter, 461-477.
  • Marikina, M. (2018). The impact of ecological regulations and management on national competitiveness in the Balkan States. Journal of Competitiveness, 10 (4), 120–135. https://doi.org/10.7441/ joc.2018.04.08
  • Menshikov, V., Kokina, I. & Ruza, O. (2021). The entrepreneurial potential of Latvian students: the role of the university environment. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 9 (1), 502.
  • Mrozewski, M. & Kratzer, J. (2017). Entrepreneurship and country-level innovation: Investigating the role of entrepreneurial opportunities. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42 (5), 1125-1142.
  • Nababan, T. S. (2019). Development analysis of global competitiveness index of ASEAN-7 countries and its relationship on gross domestic product. Integrated Journal of Business and Economics. January, 1-14. Doi : 10.33019/ijbe.v3i1.108
  • Naude, W., Santos-Paulino, A. U., & McGillivray, M. (2014). Measuring vulnerability in developing countries: New analytical approaches. London: Routledge
  • Newbold, P. (2000). İşletme ve İktisat için İstatistik, çev. Ümit Şenesen, Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 442, 447.
  • OECD (2014). Glossary of Statistical Terms. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=399
  • Özgen, H. & Yalçın, A. (2006). Temel İşletmecilik Bilgisi. Adana: Nobel Kitabevi
  • Pawitan, G., Nawangpalupi, C. B. & Widyarini, M. (2017). Understanding the relationship between entrepreneurial spirit and global competitiveness: Implications for Indonesia. International Journal of Business and Society, 18 (S2), 261-278.
  • Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Harvard business review, 73, 91.
  • Porter, M., Sachs, J. & McArthur, J. (2002). Executive summary: Competitiveness and stages of economic development. M. Porter, J. Sachs, P. K. Cornelius, J. W. McArthur, & K. Schwab (Eds.), In The global competitiveness report 2001–2002 (pp. 16–25). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Nair, M. & Bennett, S. E. (2020). The dynamics among entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth in the Eurozone countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42 (5), 1106-1122.
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The Effect of National Entrepreneurship on National Competitiveness: Linear and Non-Linear Regression Analysis

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 20 Sayı: 46, 972 - 996, 11.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.1075596

Öz

Ulusal girişimcilik ve ulusal rekabetçilik, ülkelerin ekonomik kalkınmasını etkileyen iki temel faktördür. Bu çalışmada, ulusal girişimciliğin ulusal rekabetçilik üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Araştırma yöntemi olarak doğrusal ve doğrusal olmayan regresyon analizleri uygulanmıştır. Eğri tahmin modeli uygulamasıyla doğrusal olmayan regresyon model tahminleri elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen modeller karşılaştırmalı olarak sunulmuştur. Örneklem alan 52 ülkeden oluşmaktadır. Ülkelerin ulusal girişimcilik değerleri “Küresel Girişimcilik Monitörü (GEM)” raporlarından elde edilmiştir. Ulusal rekabetçilik puanları “Küresel Rekabetçilik Endeksi (GCI)” raporlarından elde edilmiştir. Araştırma dönemi pandemi öncesi 2019 yılıdır. Araştırma bulgularına göre doğrusal olmayan modeller arasında en yüksek açıklama yüzdesine sahip model “Qubic” tahmin modeli olarak belirlenmiştir. Qubic doğrusal olmayan model ile doğrusal model karşılaştırıldığında her iki modelin de anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca doğrusal olmayan modelin açıklama yüzdesinin doğrusal modele göre daha yüksek olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara dayalı olarak, ulusal girişimcilik stratejilerinin belirlenmesinde genel girişimcilik stratejilerinin yanı sıra ülkeye özgü girişimcilik stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi önerilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Acs, Z. & Amoros, J. E. (2008). Entrepreneurship and competitiveness dynamics in Latin America. Small Business Economics, 31 (3), 305-322.
  • Acs, Z. & Armington, C. (2004). Employment growth and entrepreneurial activity in cities. Regional studies, 38 (8), 911-927.
  • Acs, Z. (2006). How is entrepreneurship good for economic growth. Innovations, 1 (1), 97-107.
  • Acs, Z. J., Autio, E. & Szerb, L. (2015). National systems of Entrepreneurship. In Z. J. Acs, E. Autio, & L. Szerb (Eds.), Global entrepreneurship and development index 2014. Springer briefs in economics, chapter 2 (pp. 13–26). Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14932-5_2
  • Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., Song, A., Komlosi, E. & Lafuente, E. (2020). The Digital Platform Economy Index 2020. Barcelona: The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute.
  • Acs, Z. J; Audretsch, D. B.; Lehmann, E. E. & Licht, G. (2016). National systems of entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 46(4), 527–535. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9705-1
  • Acs, Z., Stam, E., Audretsch, D. B. & O’Connor, A. (2017). The lineages of the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach. Small Business Economics, 49 (1), 1-10.
  • Aiginger, K., Bärenthaler-Sieber, S. & Voge, J. (2013). Competitiveness under New Perspectives. WWWforEurope Welfare WealthWork, Working Paper: 44. Available from https://www.oecd.org/economy/Competitiveness-under-New-Perspectives.pdf
  • Ali, M. A., Kabil, M., Alayan, R., Magda, R. & Dávid, L. D. (2021). Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Performance in Egypt: An Empirical Study Based on the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI). Sustainability, 13 (13), 7171.
  • Amaral, G. & Salerno, M.S. (2019). The national competitiveness indexes: What are they measuring, what should they do?., Int. J. Competitiveness, 1 (4) ,331–361.
  • Amoros, J. E., Fernández, C. & Tapia, J. (2012). Quantifying the relationship between entrepreneurship and competitiveness development stages in Latin America. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 8 (3), 249-270.
  • Angulo-Guerrero, M. J., Pérez-Moreno, S. & Abad-Guerrero, I. M. (2017). How economic freedom affects opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship in the OECD countries. Journal of Business Research, 73, 30-37.
  • Babalola, J. B. (2021). Upgrading Skills, Technology Adoption and Innovation Capacity as Part of Nigerian Recovery Trajectories from COVID-19 Shocks. Kester O. Ojokheta & Kehinde O. Kester (Ed.), In Education Re-engineering in the New Normal World., (pp. 385-400).
  • Bardasi, E., Blackden, C. M. & Guzman, J. C. (2007). Gender, entrepreneurship, and competitiveness in Africa. Africa Competitiveness Report, 1, 69-85.
  • Blanco-González, A., Díez-Martín, F. & Prado-Román, A. (2015). Entrepreneurship, global competitiveness and legitimacy. In New challenges in entrepreneurship and finance (pp. 57-69). Springer, Cham.
  • Carree, M., Van Stel, A., Thurik, R. & Wennekers, S. (2002). Economic development and business ownership: an analysis using data of 23 OECD countries in the period 1976–1996. Small business economics, 19 (3), 271-290.
  • Chikán, A. (2008). National and firm competitiveness: a general research model. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal. 18 (1/2), 20-28
  • Cho, D. & Moon, H. (2005). National Competitiveness: Implications for Different Groups and Strategies. International Journal of Global Business and Competitiveness, 1 (1), 1-11.
  • Crecente-Romero, F., Giménez-Baldazo, M. & del Val-Núñez, M. T. (2019). Competitiveness and entrepreneurship rate in Europe during the economic recovery phase, 2012–2016. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15 (2), 455-470.
  • Coduras, A. & Autio, E. (2013). Comparing subjective and objective indicators to describe the national entrepreneurial context: the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and the Global Competitiveness Index contributions. Investigaciones Regionales, 26, 47-74.
  • Cunningham, J. B. & Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 29 (1), 45-61.
  • Delgado, M., Ketels, C., Porter, M.E. & Stern, S. (2012). The Determinants of National Competitiveness. NBER Working Paper Series No. 18249, July. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236903847_The_Determinants_of_National_Competitiveness
  • Efromovich, S. (2008). Nonparametric curve estimation: methods, theory, and applications. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Ferreira, J. J., Fernandes, C. I. & Ratten, V. (2017). Entrepreneurship, innovation and competitiveness: what is the connection?. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 18 (1), 73-95.
  • Fyliuk, H., Honchar, I. & Kolosha, V. (2019). The interrelation between economic growth and national economic competitiveness: The case of Ukraine. Journal of Competitiveness, 11 (3), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2019.03.04
  • Gautam, S. & Madan, (2021). Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Evidence from G-20 economies. Journal of East-West Business, 27 (2), 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669868.2020.1859427
  • GEM (2019). The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Available from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/gem-2019-2020-global-report, Access date: 01.02.2022. González-Pernía, J. L., Peña-Legazkue, I. & Vendrell-Herrero, F. (2012). Innovation, entrepreneurial activity and competitiveness at a sub-national level. Small Business Economics, 39 (3), 561-574.
  • Herman, E. (2018). Innovation and entrepreneurship for competitiveness in the EU: an empirical analysis, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence (pp. 435-435), Sciendo.
  • Herrington, M. & Coduras, A. (2022). A New and Innovative GEM Composite Index Based upon the National Expert Survey: A Survey of Selected African Countries. In Contextual Strategic Entrepreneurship (pp. 57-70). Springer, Cham.
  • Hull, D. L., Bosley, J. J. & Udell, G. G. (1980). Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: Identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics. Journal of Small Business Management, 18, 11-18.
  • Idris, Z. Z., Ismail, N. W., Ibrahim, S. & Hamzah, H. Z. (2021). High-Technology trade: Does it enhance national competitiveness? Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 55 (3) 2021 35 - 48 http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JEM-2021-5503-03
  • IMD. (2019). World Competitiveness Rankings. International Institute of Management Development. Available from https://www.weforum.org/reports/how-to-end-a-decade-of-lost-productivity-growth, Access date: 14.03.2022.
  • Isenberg, D. (2011). The entrepreneurship ecosystem strategy as a new paradigm for economic policy: Principles for cultivating entrepreneurship. Presentation at the Institute of International and European Affairs, 1 (781), 1-13.
  • Jomnonkwao, S., Uttra, S. & Ratanavaraha, V. (2020). Forecasting road traffic deaths in Thailand: Applications of time-series, curve estimation, multiple linear regression, and path analysis models. Sustainability, 12 (1), 395.
  • Karadeniz, E. & Ozdemir, O. (2009). Entrepreneurship in Turkey and developing countries: A comparison of activities, characteristics, motivation, and environment for entrepreneurship. Mibes Transactions, 3 (1), 30-45.
  • Kharlamova, G. & Vertelieva, O. (2013). The International Competitiveness of Countries: Economic-Mathematical Approach. Economics & Sociology, 6 (2), 39-52. DOI: 10.14254/2071-789X.2013/6-2/4
  • Krugman, P. (1994). Competitiveness: A dangerous obsession. Foreign Affairs, 73 (2), 28–44. doi:10.2307/20045917 Lodge, G.C. (2009). Ideology and national competitiveness. Journal of Managerial Issues Vol. XXI Number 4, Winter, 461-477.
  • Marikina, M. (2018). The impact of ecological regulations and management on national competitiveness in the Balkan States. Journal of Competitiveness, 10 (4), 120–135. https://doi.org/10.7441/ joc.2018.04.08
  • Menshikov, V., Kokina, I. & Ruza, O. (2021). The entrepreneurial potential of Latvian students: the role of the university environment. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 9 (1), 502.
  • Mrozewski, M. & Kratzer, J. (2017). Entrepreneurship and country-level innovation: Investigating the role of entrepreneurial opportunities. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42 (5), 1125-1142.
  • Nababan, T. S. (2019). Development analysis of global competitiveness index of ASEAN-7 countries and its relationship on gross domestic product. Integrated Journal of Business and Economics. January, 1-14. Doi : 10.33019/ijbe.v3i1.108
  • Naude, W., Santos-Paulino, A. U., & McGillivray, M. (2014). Measuring vulnerability in developing countries: New analytical approaches. London: Routledge
  • Newbold, P. (2000). İşletme ve İktisat için İstatistik, çev. Ümit Şenesen, Literatür Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 442, 447.
  • OECD (2014). Glossary of Statistical Terms. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=399
  • Özgen, H. & Yalçın, A. (2006). Temel İşletmecilik Bilgisi. Adana: Nobel Kitabevi
  • Pawitan, G., Nawangpalupi, C. B. & Widyarini, M. (2017). Understanding the relationship between entrepreneurial spirit and global competitiveness: Implications for Indonesia. International Journal of Business and Society, 18 (S2), 261-278.
  • Porter, M. E. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. Harvard business review, 73, 91.
  • Porter, M., Sachs, J. & McArthur, J. (2002). Executive summary: Competitiveness and stages of economic development. M. Porter, J. Sachs, P. K. Cornelius, J. W. McArthur, & K. Schwab (Eds.), In The global competitiveness report 2001–2002 (pp. 16–25). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Pradhan, R. P., Arvin, M. B., Nair, M. & Bennett, S. E. (2020). The dynamics among entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth in the Eurozone countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42 (5), 1106-1122.
  • Rainer, F. & Kazem, C. (1994). Defining Competitiveness. Management Decision, 32 (2), 49–58. doi:10.1108/00251749410054819
  • Reynolds, P., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., De Bono, N., Servais, I. & Chin, N. (2005). Global entrepreneurship monitor: Data collection design and implementation 1998–2003. Small business economics, 24 (3), 205-231.
  • Sala-i-Martín, X. & Schwab, K. (2017). The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
  • Salvador Pérez-Moreno, Elena Bárcena-Martín & Jo Ritzen (2021): Institutional convergence and a lingering two-speed Euro area: a response, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, DOI: 10.1080/14782804.2021.1934657
  • Sapena, J., Almenar, V., Apetrei, A., Escrivá, M. & Gil, M. (2018). Some reflections on poverty eradication, true development, and sustainability within CST. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 3 (2), 90-92.
  • Schumpeter, J. (1943). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. New York: Harper.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press
  • Shane, S. & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25 (1), 217-226.
  • Singer, S., Amoros, J. E. & Arreola, D. M. (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor2014 Global Report. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA). Available From: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281290871_Global_Entrepreneurship_Monitor_2014_Global_Report
  • Squalli, J., Wilson, K. & Hugo, S. (2008). An analysis of growth competitiveness. International Review of Applied Economics. 22 (1), 105-126, DOI: 10.1080/02692170701745978
  • Sæthera, A. & Eriksen, I. E. (2014). The Entrepreneur: A Lost Actor That Should Resurrect. Reshaping Management and Economic Thinking through Integrating Eco-Friendly and Ethical Practices, In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Management and Economics 26-27 February 2014., University of Ruhuna, Sri Lanka.
  • Van Stel, A., Carree, M. & Thurik, R. (2004). The effect of entrepreneurship on national economic growth: an analysis using the GEM database (No. 2004-34). Max Planck Institute of Economics, Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy Group.
  • WEF (2008). The Global Competitiveness Report 2008–2009. World Economic Forum Geneva, Available from: Switzerland. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2008-09.pdf, Access date: 13.12.2021.
  • WEF (2015). The Global Competitiveness Report 2015–2016. World Economic Forum Geneva, Available from: Switzerland.https://www3.weforum.org/docs/gcr/2015-2016/Global_Competitiveness_ Report_2015-2016.pdf, Access date: 16.12.2021.
  • Wennekers, S., Van Wennekers, A., Thurik, R. & Reynolds, P. (2005). Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development. Small Business Economics, 24 (3), 293-309.
  • Wennekers, S., Van Stel, A., Carree, M. & Thurik, R. (2010). The Relationship between Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Is it U-shaped? Now Publishers Inc. Wolfgang, O. & Oliver, R. (2006). Ranking of Countries - The WEF, IMD, Fraser and Heritage Indices, CESifo DICE Report, ISSN 1613-6373, IFO Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung an der Universität München, München, 04 (2), 48-60.
  • Wong, P. K., Ho, Y. P. & Autio, E. (2005). Entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic growth: Evidence from GEM data. Small Business Economics, 24 (3), 335-350. Zubović, J., Bradić-Martinović, A. (2014). Competitiveness of nations in selected SEE Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 8, 755-762, DOI: 10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00154-3
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Esra G. Kaygısız 0000-0002-4950-9508

Karahan Kara 0000-0002-1359-0244

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 20 Sayı: 46

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaygısız, E. G., & Kara, K. (2022). The Effect of National Entrepreneurship on National Competitiveness: Linear and Non-linear Regression Analysis. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(46), 972-996. https://doi.org/10.35408/comuybd.1075596

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